ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Pengertian, Rumus, dan Contoh Adverbial Clause

Pengertian Adverbial Clause

• Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree. 
• Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clausedinamakan dengan complex sentence (kalimat kompleks), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dariindependent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.
• Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan.
• Macam-macam klausa ini antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect(sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession(pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).

Complex Sentence	Keterangan
When he cleaned the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food. (Dia membersihkan dapur ketika dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)	When= subordinate conjunction; When he cleaned the kitchen= adverbial clause; he found a lot of expired food= independent clause

Rumus Adverbial Clause

Rumus complex sentence dan adverbial clause adalah sebagai berikut.

Complex Sentence:

[Subject (+be/verb)] ≈ Independent Clause + Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause:

Subordinate Conjunction + S +V

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, diujung klausa ini diberi tanda baca koma.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

• Di awal: Because I had free time, I visited your house.
• Di akhir: I visited your house because I had free time. (Saya mengunjungi rumahmu karena saya punya waktu luang.)

Fungsi Adverbial Clause

Fungsi dan contoh klausa kata keterangan ini dalam kalimat adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Contoh Adverbial Clause dalam Kalimat	Keterangan
memberikan informasi tentangverb	You were sleeping when she arrived. (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.)	verb= were sleeping; subordinate conjunction= when; adverbial clause= when she arrived
memberikan informasi tentangadjective	Her face is fresh because she always does exercise and eats fruits. (Wajahnya segar karena dia selalu berolahraga dan makan buah-buahan.)	adjective= fresh; subordinate conjunction= because; adverbial clause= because she always does exercise and eats fruits
memberikan informasi tentangadverb	He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time. (Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.)	adverb= fast; subordinate conjunction= in order that; adverbial clause= in order that he could arrive on time

References:

1. Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation. http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm. Accessed on September 30, 2012.
2. Dependent Clauses: Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal. http://www.towson.edu/ows/advadjnomclause.htm. Accessed on October 5, 2012.
3. Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm. Accessed on October 5, 2012.
4. When/While Indicating time-relative activities. http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/adv_whenwhile.html. Accessed on December 12, 2012.
5. esl.about.com: Using Adverb Cl. with Time Expressions
6. grammar.about.com: Adverb Cl.

type of clauses

Types of Clauses

Like a phrase, a clause is a group of related words; but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and verb. An independent clause, along with having a subject and verb, expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a coherent sentence. In contrast, a subordinate or dependent clause does not express a complete thought and therefore is not a sentence. A subordinate clause standing alone is a common error known as a sentence fragment.

Independent clauses

He saw her. The Washingtons hurried home. Free speech has a price. Grammatically complete statements like these are sentences and can stand alone. When they are part of longer sentences, they are referred to as independent (or main) clauses.

Two or more independent clauses can be joined by using coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet) or by using semicolons. The most important thing to remember is that an independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.

In the following example, the independent clause is a simple sentence.

• Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

Next, the coordinating conjunction and joins two independent clauses.

• Fernando left, and Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

Next, a semicolon joins two independent clauses.

• Fernando left; Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

All sentences must include at least one independent clause.

• After she told Fernando to leave, Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

In the previous sentence, the independent clause is preceded by a clause that can't stand alone: After she told Fernando to leave.

• Erica brushed her long, black hair while she waited for Fernando to leave. 

Here, the independent clause is followed by a clause that can't stand alone: while she waited for Fernando to leave.

Beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctions

Any of the coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet) can be used to join an independent clause to another independent clause. Can you begin a sentence with one of these conjunctions?

• No one knew what to do. But everyone agreed that something should be done. 

An old rule says that you shouldn't. But beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is acceptable today. (Notice the preceding sentence, for example.) Sometimes beginning a sentence this way creates exactly the effect you want. It separates the clause and yet draws attention to its relationship with the previous clause.

Subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause has a subject and verb but, unlike an independent clause, cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else in the sentence to express a complete thought, which is why it's also called a dependent clause. Some subordinate clauses are introduced by relative pronouns ( who, whom, that, which, what, whose) and some by subordinating conjunctions ( although, because, if,unless, when, etc.). Subordinate clauses function in sentences as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs.

Relative clauses

A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an adjective.

In the following sentence, the relative pronoun that is the subject of its clause andwon the Pulitzer Prize is the predicate. This clause couldn't stand by itself. Its role in the complete sentence is to modify novel, the subject of the independent clause.

• The novel that won the Pulitzer Prize didn't sell well when it was first published. 

In the next example , which is the relative pronoun that begins the subordinate clause. Celebrities is the subject of the clause and attended is the verb. In the complete sentence, this clause functions as an adjective describing ceremony.

• The ceremony, which several celebrities attended, received widespread media coverage. 

Note that in a relative clause, the relative pronoun is sometimes the subject of the clause, as in the following sentence, and sometimes the object, as in the next sentence.

• Arthur, who comes to the games every week, offered to be scorekeeper. 

Who is the subject of the clause and comes to the games every week is the predicate. The clause modifies Arthur.

In the following sentence , mothers is the subject of the clause, adored is the verb, and whom is the direct object of adored. Again, the clause modifies Arthur.

• Arthur, whom the team mothers adored, was asked to be scorekeeper. 

Noun clauses

A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence.

• What I want for dinner is a hamburger. (subject of the verb is) 
  The host told us how he escaped. (direct object of the verb told) 
  A vacation is what I need most. (complement of the linking verb is) 
  Give it to whoever arrives first. (object of the preposition to) 

Pronoun case in subordinate clauses

Who, whom, whoever, whomever. In deciding which case of who you should use in a clause, remember this important rule: The case of the pronoun is governed by the role it plays in its own clause, not by its relation to the rest of the sentence. Choosing the right case of pronoun can be especially confusing because the pronoun may appear to have more than one function. Look at the following sentence.

• They gave the money to whoever presented the winning ticket. 

At first, you may think whomever is correct rather than whoever, on the assumption that it is the object of the preposition to. But in fact the entire clause, not whoever, is the object of the preposition. Refer to the basic rule: The case should be based on the pronoun's role within its own clause. In this clause,whoever is the subject of the verb presented.

A good way to determine the right pronoun case is to forget everything but the clause itself: whoever presented the winning ticket is correct; whomever presented the winning ticket is not.

The following two sentences show how you must focus on the clause rather than the complete sentence in choosing the right pronoun case.

• We asked whomever we saw for a reaction to the play. 
  We asked whoever called us to call back later. 

In each sentence the clause is the direct object of asked. But in the first sentence,whomever is correct because within its clause, it is the object of saw. In the second sentence, whoever is correct because it is the subject of called.

Adverbial clauses

Many subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Examples of these conjunctions are because, unless, if, when, and although. What these conjunctions have in common is that they make the clauses that follow them unable to stand alone. The clauses act as adverbs, answering questions like how, when, where, why, to what extent, and under what conditions.

• When Mauna Loa began erupting and spewing lava into the air, we drove away as quickly as we could. 

In the preceding sentence , when is a subordinating conjunction introducing the adverbial clause. The subject of the clause is Mauna Loa and the predicate is began erupting and spewing lava into the air. This clause is dependent because it is an incomplete thought. What happened when the volcano began erupting? The independent clause we drove away as quickly as we could completes the thought. The adverbial clause answers the question “When did we drive?”

In the following sentence, because introduces the adverbial clause in which van is the subject and needed the verb. This clause is an incomplete thought. Whathappened because the van needed repairs? The independent clause The group of tourists decided to have lunch in the village is necessary to complete the thought. Again, the subordinate clause as a whole acts as an adverb, telling why the tourists decided to have lunch in the village.

sumber : http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Types-of-Clauses.topicArticleId-251364,articleId-251289.html

Perdagangan Valas Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

Forex Trading in the Perspective of Islamic Economics

Forex stands for foreign exchange. The definition of foreign exchange is foreign currency, such as U.S. dollar, British pound, Malaysian ringgit and so on.


If international trade occurs between countries, each country needs foreign exchange to pay for overseas equipment, which in the world is called foreign exchange trading. For example, importers Indonesia needs foreign exchange to import goods from abroad. To pay for the imported goods, the importers need foreign currency.
Similarly, for example, when a company in Indonesia to export goods, such as Japan, the foreign exchange needed. Payments by Japan for Indonesian companies have local currency, the rupiah. While Japanese importers have only the yen.


In this case there are two possibilities that can be achieved, in order to meet the needs of the transaction between Indonesian exporters and importers Japan.

First, if the exporter Indonesia bill in the form of dollars, the Japanese importers to sell yen and buy dollars to pay for goods imported from Indonesia. Second, when the Indonesian exporters are paid in the currency of the yen, the exporters have to swap yen Indonesia was that the rupiah.

Thus, there will be supply and demand of foreign exchange in the foreign exchange market. It can also happen that the transactions between the two countries resolved using a third country's currency, such as dollars.

This could happen if the exporter or importer does not have the local currency of each country or currency both countries rarely traded because its currency is very weak. This means that the currency is the currency used it popular in both countries, such as the dollar.

The exchange rate is subject to change, depending on the economic situation of each country. Islam recognizes foreign currency exchange rate changes from time to time sunnatullah (market mechanism). If the change is too high, then government intervention is needed to maintain the stability of the currency, because Islam wants the currency exchange rate stability.


Nevertheless buy foreign exchange transactions as described above, are generally held in the foreign exchange market, money changer, foreign banks and foreign exchange business enterprise.

Islamic Economic Perspective

In Islamic economics, currency trading is referred to as al-Sharf. At home, the currency was only gold and silver. Called gold dinar and silver dirham called. Second currency is called the intrinsic currency, ie the currency in accordance with the nominal value with the value of content material.

Today's currency also shaped nickel, copper and certain rated paper. Currency other than the dinar and dirham is called the nominal money numbers written in nominal money is not in accordance with the price of materials (intrinsic) money.

Currency exchange may occur include:
 1. The same types of metals, such as gold for gold, silver for silver,
 2. Different types of metals, gold with silver, gold with nickel,
3. Metal with paper money, such as gold with paper,
4. Banknote paper money, such as a piece of Rp. 10.000, - with 10 thousand pieces of money.

Basically, exchange of currency or currency trading law allowed but not required (may be) with the following requirements:
1. If money is exchanged for that of gold, it must meet the requirements: First, the same weight or the same scale. Second, the delivery of goods are done at the same time (naqdan / spot), in order to avoid riba.
2. If the currency is exchanged for gold or silver, or both currencies were berbada kind, it can be exchanged according to the market rate and the delivery of the goods to be done at the same time.

Conclusion

1. Basically, forex trading is allowed, if the purchase was intended for the needs of the real sector transactions (goods and services), for example, to pay for the imported goods to the exporter or to travel abroad and spending abroad.

.2. Trading foreign exchange for the purpose of speculation is haram, because it contains the elements of riba and maysir, and the negative impact (harm) to the general economy of the community (beneficiaries' amma). Because they were the reasons that Muslims should avoid it.
Currency speculation that is, someone buys a foreign currency only for gain (difference) buying price and selling price. Someone speculators to buy foreign currency, such as dollars, and release it when it drops when prices rise, and so forth.
The difference between buying and selling prices to benefit speculators. Difference obtained without any 'real sector iwadh or transaction is riba. While the possibilities and the uncertainty of exchange rates resulting in the losses and profits belong to the speculators to gamble.

3. It should be reiterated that in forex trading, the gain obtained is usury, because the gain was not the result of business activities sector goods and services, but the result of currency exchange alone.

4. Forex trading has made money as a commodity and transaction activity is called maya, because in business activity occurred in the velocity of the flow large amounts of money, but there is no real sector activities (bai 'goods and services). Yet according to Islamic economics, should not be the function of money as a commodity.
In Islamic economics, prohibited all forms of virtual transactions. When the transaction is permissible, then the markets will grow much faster than the growth of the market for goods and services. This unbalanced growth will be a source of crises and disasters as happened today, because the money has been used as a speculative commodity trading.

5. Forex trading has fueled significant dollars for the fall. While the fall of the rupiah meant the destruction of the economy of a country or people in general.

Source :

http://blogwongjowo.blogspot.com/2011/09/perdagangan-valas-dalam-perspektif.html

ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

ISLAMIC ECONOMICS

Islamic economic system is believed to be an alternative to reduce the weaknesses that exist in the conventional banking system. Because the Islamic economic system has strong power of resistance against the global financial crisis.

"Being able to distance themselves from riba (interest), and can avoid something that is not transparent and well protected from a variety of speculation,"
Islamic economics may be the key to overcome the financial crisis that hit many parts of the world countries.

On the other hand, the principle of doing business is likely speculative gain maximum profit by relying on a variety of ways to be quits.
"Small capital and earn maximum profit in many ways we sudahi only. The principle should be modified. We need to create sustainable economic alliance for human life, "

Thus, with the Islamic economic system that has been there and is growing in Indonesia is expected to meubah these principles in the future.

"Indonesia is one of the largest Muslim-majority country in the world. In particular there are also areas of West Java, approximately 44.2 million people, the majority of Muslim too much. It is expected to help drive the development of Islamic finance, "

Let's turn to Islamic economics ......... :) :) :)

harapan dan cita cita

HARAPAN DAN CITA CITA

Setiap orang pasti memiliki harapan dan cita-cita buat kedepannya, namun yang di harapkan atau di cita-citakan setiap orang pasti berbeda. Saya pun juga memiliki harapan dan cita-cita buat masa depan saya. Harapan yang sangat-sangat saya inginkan ketika bergabung menjadi mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma, bisa mendapat IPK lebih dari 3,00 ..aminn...suapaya orang tuaku bisa trsenyum bahagia melihatku. Mudah-mudahan juga bisa lulus dalam waktu 4 tahun atau pun 3 tahun kalau bisa, aminnn ...harapan saya kalau uda lulus kuliah S1 yaa inshaallah saya ngelanjut S2 aminn stelah lulus S2 baru deh cari pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan harapan kita.

 

Kalo ditanya cita-cita saya?? Waah kalau dulu nih waktu saya kecil sebenarnya cita cita saya tuh pgen jadi seorang Astronout Indonesia yg bisa pergi k bulan sama keliling Galaxy . Kalo bisa sih jadi orang pertama Indonesia yang berhasil menginjakkan kaki di bulan, knp saya pgen jadi itu yaa saya terinspirasi sama Neil Amstrong hehe...yaa tapi seiring berjalannya waktu mngkin keinginannku jadi astronout ga mngkin..Jadi yaa saya memutuskan cita cita saya yaa jadi seorang enterpreneurship muda seperti Sandiaga Salahuddin..aminn ..yaa saya ingin membangkitkan perekonomian Indonesia di kancah Dunia..dan jga cita cita saya yaa pnya perusahaan yang bersiap bersaing dgn perusahaan perusahaan luar negeri..smoga bisa terwujud aminn o:)

Buat teman teman yg lain, kalau saran saya untuk mewujudkan harapan dan cita-cita buatlah target hidup, gantungkan cita cita itu di depan matamu 5 cm bahwa cita citamu itu sangat dekat..yaa skrg tinggal bagaimana meraih cita cita yg kmu gntunggkan itu...pertama sih tanamkan motivasi hidupmu, siapa org yang menjadi inspirasimu, trus jgn berhenti melangkah untuk menggapai cita cita itu walaupun kamu terjatuh...krn dr kegagalan itu kamu akan lebih giat meraihnya..so selalu semngat, pantang menyerah !! intinya adalah niat dan sllu berdoa...aminn

tanggung jawab terhadap sesuatu

TANGGUNG JAWAB SAYA SEBAGAI MAHASISWA

Tanggung jawab itu menurut saya sebuah kewajiban yang harus kita tanggung.

kalau di tanya soal tanggung jawab sih simple aja, tanggung jawab saya sebagai mahasiswa yaa belajar,tapi sih ga sepenuhnya belajar terus menerus, yaa tanggung jawab saya banyak sih, yaa intinya tanggung jawab saya yaa membahagiain orang tua itu yang utama.

kalau di tanya tanggung jawab saya sebagai mahasiswa yaa belajar, ikut ujian, dan yg terpenting tuh lulus tepat waktu dengan nilai yang lumayan...aminn

trus tanggung jawab itu bnyak sih, tanggung jawab trhadap diri sndiri, masyarakat, terhadap bangsa dan yang pling penting tuh keluarga.

kalau tanggung jawab saya trhdap diri sendiri adalah harus bisa jadi orang sukses.

yaa itu aja sih mnrt saya..smoga saya bsa memegang tanggung jawab ini..aminn o:)